Why Do Prices Of Some Goods Fluctuate More Than Others Essays

Why do prices of some goods fluctuate more than others Q. Why do prices of some goods fluctuate more than others? A. It is a well known fact, that various prices of goods fluctuate at various levels. The products which fluctuate most in price are often held to be necessities, but what is that makes these changes, and which factors influence them. Before trying to conclude which goods fluctuate most price- wise and why, it seems sensible to ask which group these products belong. As mentioned necessities are known to be inelastic, but so are a lot of products with no close substitutes like for example motor cars, petrol, tobacco and alcoholic drinks. Now what do these goods have in common, one might ask. Well, for starters they all have a very inelastic demand. In these situations we get the graph as the one below (1.A). From 1.A it is obvious that if quantity by some reason decreases from Q1 to Q2 this gives a quite high increase in price from P1 to P2. From this it can be concluded that a small change in quantity of a product which has low elasticity, results in high changes in price, i.e. a lot of price fluctuations. On the other hand we have products who's prices rarely fluctuate as for example luxuries. Here again it is obvious that a change in quantity demanded will result in only a little change in price. This is displayed in the graph 1.B below. Here we can see that quantity changes from Q1 to Q2 resulting on the change P1 to P2, which here concludes that the products like luxuries have highly elastic demand, resulting in only small price fluctuations. From the above I can conclude that the reason why some goods fluctuate more price wise than others is due to the elasticity of the examined good.

The Efficiency-Wage Theory in Economics

The Efficiency-Wage Theory in Economics One of the explanations for structural unemployment is that, in some markets, wages are set above the equilibrium wage that would bring the supply of and demand for labor into balance. While it is true that labor unions, as well as minimum-wage laws and other regulations, contribute to this phenomenon, it is also the case that wages may be set above their equilibrium level on purpose in order to increase worker productivity. This theory is referred to as the efficiency-wage theory, and there are a number of reasons that firms might find it profitable to behave in this way. Reduced Worker Turnover In most cases, workers dont arrive at a new job knowing everything that they need to know about the specific work involved, how to work effectively within the organization, and so on. Therefore, firms spend quite a bit of time and money getting new employees up to speed so that they can be fully productive at their jobs. In addition, firms spend a lot of money on recruiting and hiring new workers. Lower worker turnover leads to a reduction in the costs associated with recruiting, hiring, and training, so it can be worth it for firms to offer incentives that reduce turnover. Paying workers more than the equilibrium wage for their labor market means that it is more difficult for workers to find equivalent pay if they choose to leave their current jobs. This, coupled with the fact that its also less attractive to leave the labor force or switch industries when wages are higher, implies that higher than equilibrium (or alternative) wages give employees an incentive to stay with the company that is treating them well financially. Increased Worker Quality Higher than equilibrium wages can also result in increased quality of the workers that a company chooses to hire. Increased worker quality comes via two pathways: first, higher wages increase the overall quality and ability level of the pool of applicants for the job and help to win the most talented workers away from competitors. (Higher wages increase quality under the assumption that better quality workers have better outside opportunities that they choose instead.) ​ Second, better paid workers are able to take care of themselves better in terms of nutrition, sleep, stress, and so on. The benefits of better quality of life are often shared with employers since healthier employees are usually more productive than unhealthy employees. (Luckily, worker health is becoming less of a relevant issue for firms in developed countries.) Worker Effort The last piece of the efficiency-wage theory is that workers exert more effort (and are hence more productive) when they are paid a higher wage. Again, this effect is realized in two different ways: first, if a worker has an unusually good deal with her current employer, then the downside of getting fired is larger than it would be if the worker could just pack up and get a roughly equivalent job somewhere else. If the downside of getting fired if more severe, a rational worker will work harder to ensure that she doesnt get fired. Second, there are psychological reasons why a higher wage might induce effort  since people tend to prefer working hard for people and organizations that acknowledge their worth and respond in kind.

Negligence in medical malpractice based in medical law Research Paper

Negligence in medical malpractice based in medical law - Research Paper Example In the worst instance, a hospital error causes death of a patient, bringing about grief and financial strain on the deceased’s relatives (Andrew Grubb 445). A wrongful-death lawsuit can be filed to demand damages for lost wages and suffering or pain. Examples of hospital errors that could result in medical malpractice include: - Birth injuries: Improper labor services resulting injury to a baby, at times leading to complications such as Erb’s palsy or cerebral palsy. - Prescription errors: This may be over or under medication, or administration of the wrong drug. - Improper diagnoses: A patient may be treated for an illness he or she is not suffering from or a disease remains untreated because of the doctor’s failure to recognize a intimidating condition. - Surgical errors: Negligence may lead to infections or surgery on the incorrect body part or even the wrong patient. Medical malpractice law lies under personal injury law subset and its practice frequently overlaps with litigation law. This area of practice deals with legal claims on medical care specialists when the care they offer or the lack thereof, cause injury, damage, harm and/or death of the patient. The laws guiding medical malpractice varies from one state to another. These highly regulated procedures explain many aspects of the practice process, including the following: - If notice of the malpractice assertion have to be given to the medical professional before filing; - If the claim must be handed to a malpractice review board before being filed in court; How speedily a medical malpractice claim should be filed; Determining the essential qualifications for a professional medical witness, for the reasons of testifying; and Establishing statutory caps on compensations that may be awarded to the plaintiff. Although medical negligence is normally attributed to the medical professionals responsible for patients’ diagnosis, medical care / medical treatment, medical corporations, managed care organizations, clinics and hospitals may as well be sued for their employees’ actions (Stauch 66). As with every personal injury claim, proof of negligence is vital. The tort of negligence comprises of 4 elements which must be all proven to attain this verdict. The 4 elements include: (i) There was a duty of medical care owed; (ii) The medical care professional desecrated the standard of care obliged, which demonstrated negligence; (iii) This negligenc e by the medical professional caused the injury /harm; and (iv) There were compensable damages directly resulted from the injury/harm suffered . Since there is a patient - doctor relationship, the first element is usually already established in these kinds of claims. For the 2nd element, if there is no an obvious and glaring blunder, expert witness testimony is commonly implemented to prove the negligent behavior or actions. The complainants are the party passing the action and they bear the burden of attesting these elements in their claims against the medical care giver, the defendant (Smith). Medical malpractice claims are the subject of extreme controversy. Healthcare professionals and medical care businesses have encouraged legal reforms meant to eradicate big money awards for health damages, claiming that defending a case against the various lawsuits and the exorbitant compensations have resulted in a costly healthcare costs. In some states, this aggressive advocacy for these measures has resulted to

A picture of reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A picture of reading - Essay Example They turned their flashlights on. They each went separate ways, imagining different lands and living in different societies. Luke went to a faraway island because of a sunken ship, while Jenna went to Mars as the first girl astronaut. The photo shows the prestige of reading to children who grow in an environment where they have access to books. The reading is happening inside their home, which suggests, that their parents or someone in the family values reading enough to provide them books. The setting is important in showing that parents have a large role in encouraging their children to love reading. Also, in this photo, reading has become an act of bonding and going to different adventures. It shows that girls and boys alike can enjoy reading because they can read the books they like. Brothers and sisters can enjoy reading together. They may not be directly playing with one another, but they can talk about the stories later. The photo shows that reading is good for creativity and

Finance International Expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Finance International Expansion - Essay Example Major differences exist in the economic, political, socio-cultural, technology, competitive and financial environments of different countries. These need to be taken into account in planning the overseas expansion. Expansion decision has to be made after proper consideration of all strategic and operational issues arising from within international milleu. Decisions need to be made concerning a wider range of both Strategic and Operational Issues. Key Strategic Issues that need to be addressed include assessing our company's readiness to internationalise which includes the suitability of your product or service for overseas markets and the extent of local adaptation required; choosing the most attractive foreign market(s) and the best entry strategy to adopt; international pricing, distribution and promotion strategies; organising and controlling our overseas activities. Operational issues include export paperwork and documentation; legal and financial issues; finding and managing overseas partners and so on and are ultimately transferrable into financial and legal consultancy fees and travel expenses. Whether the company intend operating through agents/distributors or establish its own overseas sales subsidiary, the burden of control-related activities and costs is heavier than at home making it much more difficult to monitor and control overseas activities. There are significant financial risks associated with doing business abroad, including the risk of higher indebtness, risk of not getting paid at all and currency fluctuations-related risks. Further, when going international we will need to be sensitive and empathetic to the local political and cultural environments of different countries. That entails higher management and consultancy costs and will unltimately produce to elevation of cross-cultural and political analysis to the level of decision making tool. The competitive environment may be quite different from what we are used to at home. In whole, as a consequence of the above, international marketing is more costly and time consuming than domestic marketing and you will need to take a long-term view to achieve sustained profitability. The Barriers US Computer Systems companies, especially medium sized enterprises, face a number of barriers or obstacles when going international. These may include: Psychological Barriers including lack of international/global orientation; short-termism; product or technology rather than customer led 'mindset'; lack of commitment to international markets; exporting seen as 'too risky', 'not for us' or 'too much trouble'; the 'fear factor'. Organisational Barriers including limited resources (financial and managerial); lack of knowledge of foreign markets; lack of international experience; lack of formal training in international marketing; problems in finding suitable overseas partners; ability to compete away from home. Operational Barriers relating to export documentation and paperwork; language problems; payment delays and risks etc. Product/Market Barriers in the sense of overseas market demand particularities, i.e. that product or service may not be suitable for overseas markets without major and costly adaptation; the product or service may not have a unique competitive advantage abroad; further, problems in

Intravenous Medications in the Nursing Environment

Intravenous Medications in the Nursing Environment Phoebe Roberts Administer and Monitor Intravenous Medications in the Nursing Environment Question 1 a. Signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anaemia include fatigue, irritability, tachycardia, pale skin,  difficulty concentrating, brittle nails and shortness of breath. (Williams Hopper 2011 p. 562). b. As the patient has iron deficiency anaemia a blood transfusion is necessary to increase  haemoglobin levels within the blood as this helps to transport oxygen to cells and tissues. She also  has a history of PR bleeding. Therefore this blood transfusion is helping to replace volume lost, to  increase circulating blood volume and to improve the oxygen carrying capacity (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench, Davies 2009 pp 155,156) c. It is important to follow the Pico prep instructions as faecal matter can obscure the viewing of the  the colon. Pico prep aims to thoroughly cleanse the colon of any matter or gas to ensure that the  visual field is clear ( Corbett Banks 2011 pp. 675,676). d. Pico prep is an osmotic laxative, its action decreases the fluid absorption within the bowel which  then results in the onset of diarrhoea within 1-4 hours. Side effects can include abdominal bloating,  abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and flatulence. ( Tiziani 2013 pp. 876,879). e. The action of this medication would have quite an impact on this elderly patient. Although she  mobilises with a four wheel walker it would become increasingly difficult to mobilise to the toilet so  frequently to empty her bowels in time. This may increase the chances of her having a fall ( Williams   Hoper 2011 p. 747). Lowering the bed, having her four wheel walker in reach and the application of  hip protectors may aid in reducing the risk of her having a fall and in the chances of her having a fall  the hip protectors may aid in protecting that area.( Crisp, Taylor, Douglas, Rebeiro 2013. p. 454). Providing a bedside commode may also reduce the chances of falls as it is located closer to her than  the toilet may be. As she is an older patient the skin around the area may become excoriated and skin  breakdown may occur due to the acidity of the diarrhoea and the area frequently being wet. Barrier  creams should be applied to at risk areas for protection. Diarrhoea can also quickly cause dehydration  and electrolyte imbalances in the elderly, this may also have an impact on this patients fluid and  electrolyte levels (Williams Hopper 2011. pp. 275, 747). Question 2. a) This patient is displaying possible signs and symptoms of a suspected urinary tract infection such  as incontinence, a burning sensation when she voids, fever, confusion and blood stains on her pad. A urinalysis should be performed to support a diagnosis of a urinary tract infection ( Williams   Hopper 2011 p. 838). As she is incontinent of both urine and faeces a thorough skin assessment  should be performed to identify the areas at risk and to identify any change in skin integrity. Skin  turgor should also be assessed as this can indicate a sign of dehydration (Crisp et. al. 2013 p. 592). A  fluid balance chart should be maintained to assess if the patient is in a positive or negative fluid  balance and the weight of the patient should also be assessed as noticeable weight changes can  indicate hypovolaemia (Crisp et.al 2013 p.1214, Scott 2010 p. 62). Auscultation of the chest could  prove useful in determining the reason of the increased respiratory rate and low oxygen saturation  levels ( Lewis Foley 2011 p. 356). A falls risk assessment should also be performed as the elderly  patient has a few risk factors for falls such as confusion, reduced mobility an d is incontinent of urine  and faeces. This can help to implement interventions to reduce the risk of a fall ( Crisp et.al p. 454). As this patient is at risk of both hypovolaemia and hypokalaemia the doctor should be notified to  thoroughly assess the patient and implement therapy for a suspected urinary tract infection. b) Cranberry juice can be effective in helping to reduce pain when urinating and also prevents the  bacteria adhering to the wall of the bladder, this method can be helpful in reducing the pain of a  urinary tract infection however the patient is undergoing a procedure the next day, therefore this  intervention should be implemented with the approval of a medical officer. A heat pack could be  placed on her abdomen to relive any pain and discomfort along with the administration of an  antipyretic to reduce her fever and pain (Williams Hopper 2011 p. 840). As the patient is having  difficulty breathing she should be placed in a suitable position to help with proper lung expansion such  as the high fowlers position along with the administration of oxygen to increase oxygen levels within  the blood. (Williams Hopper 2011 p. 604). The patient’s vital signs should be continuously  assessed to monitor any improvements or deterioration especially her blood pressur e and heart rate  as any further abnormalities such as arrhythmias and a further decline in blood pressure could  indicate hypovolaemia and hypokalaemia. Continuous assessment of her neurological state should  also be implemented to monitor any changes (Scott 2010 p. 64). c. Hypokalaemia occurs due to an excessive loss of potassium from the body or from an inadequate  intake of potassium. The body is unable to conserve potassium and relies on an adequate intake of  potassium to maintain a balance within the body. An excessive loss of potassium can be due to  diuretic therapy – especially potassium wasting diuretics, corticosteroids, vomiting and diarrhoea. Signs and symptoms include an irregular weak pulse, hypotension, muscle cramps, muscle weakness  and shallow respirations. (Williams Hopper 2011 p. 79, Scott 2010 p. 98). Medical management is aimed at restoring potassium levels either by increasing the intake of  potassium in the diet or oral potassium supplements. Intravenous replacement therapy is also  implemented in those with severe hypokalaemia to rapidly increase potassium levels. Diuretics may  be changed to a potassium sparing diuretic to prevent the loss of potassium from the body. (Scott  2010 pp. 100,101). Nursing management includes monitoring fluid input and output, monitoring the heart rate and rhythm  of those receiving IV replacement therapy, maintaining and ensuring the correct administration of the  therapy and continuous monitoring of the patient’s condition throughout. ( Scott 2010 p.102). Hypovolaemia occurs due to the loss of fluid from the body and extracellular spaces; this can be due  to excessive bleeding, excessive sweating, burns, diuretic therapy, diarrhoea, renal impairment and  vomiting. The loss of fluid then results in a decreased blood volume. (Williams Hopper 2011 p.71,  Scott 2010 pp. 60, 61). Signs and symptoms include thirst, nausea, hypotension, restlessness,  confusion, dizziness, cool pale skin, tachycardia, increased body temperature, weight loss and a  decline in cognitive status. (Williams Hopper 2011 p 72, Scott 2010 p. 62). Medical management includes finding and stopping the source of the fluid loss, the replacement of  lost fluid with an intravenous infusion with the same osmolality of blood to increase the body’s blood  volume. ( Scott 2010 p.63). Nursing management includes the administration and maintenance of intravenous fluid replacement,  monitoring the daily weight of the patient, monitoring fluid input and fluid output, encouraging the  intake of fluids to aid in restoring fluid balance and providing mouth care to maintain the integrity of  the oral mucous membranes. (Crisp et.al. p. 73). Question 3 a) Midazolam is used in this procedure as it is a sedative, hypnotic agent and muscle relaxant. This  aims to reduce the amount of movement throughout the procedure and assists in keeping the patient  in a sedative state and impairs memory function ( Tiziani 2013 p. 967). Fentanyl would be used to  reduce pain during the procedure and also aids in the maintenance of the anaesthesia ( Tiziani 2013  p 928) Diprivan is used to induce sedation and also increases the effects of the hypnotic agent and  analgesia ( Tiziani 2013 p 793.) b) Midazolam acts by binding with a benzodiazepine receptor in the central nervous system which  inhibits neurotransmitters in the brain resulting in a calming sedative affect ( DrugBank, Midazolam  DB00683 2013). Midazolam given intravenously takes affect within 1.5 2.5 minutes. Adverse effects  include respiratory depression, memory impairment, anxiety, muscle weakness, drowsiness,  hypotension, dizziness, fatigue and decreased alertness. (Tiziani 2013 pp 964, 967) Fentanyl acts on receptors within the brain, spinal cord and muscles and bind with opioid receptors  producing an analgesic affect. Administered intravenously fentanyl takes affect almost immediately.   Side effects include respiratory depression, apnoea, dyspnoea, vomiting, nausea, increased intra  cranial pressure, bradycardia, sedation, confusion, constipation, hypotension and muscle rigidity.  (Tiziani 2013 p. 923) Diprivan suppresses the central nervous system and produces a loss of consciousness. Adminstered  intravenously diprivan takes affect within 30 seconds of administration. Side effects include  respiratory depression, tachycardia, hypotension, shivering and involuntary muscle movements (Tiziani 2013 p 793) Nursing care includes continuous monitoring of respiratory rate, heart rate and vital signs during  administration of these agents and throughout the procedure, ensuring that the dose is titrated to  produce the right affect, a sedation scale should be performed when the patient is conscious,  ensuring that the patient is aware that midazolam can cause muscle weakness so care should be  taken when mobilising. Central Nervous System toxicity may occur when all three medications are  given together therefore continuous monitoring is extremely important as the effects on the central  nervous system are increased ( Tiziani 2013 p 964,968). c) As this patient has renal failure the kidneys ability to filter and excrete waste is decreased, this may result in an accumulation of the medications and could possibly result in drug toxicity – especially  opiate medications (Tiziani 2013 p.925). This patient is elderly and may have increased sedation and  confusion after the procedure due to her age and renal function and is at a high risk of falls especially  as midazolam causes muscle weakness. Midazolam administered to an elderly patient can cause  delirium, therefore this patient is at an increased risk of being affected by this ( Tiziani 2013 p.964). Constipation is also going to affect this patient as this is one of the major side effects of opiate  medications. Reference List Corbett, J., Banks, A., (2013). Laboratory Tests and Procedures with Nursing Diagnoses ( 8th Edition) New Jersey: USA. Pearson Education Crisp, J., Taylor, C., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G., (2013). Potter Perry’s Fundamentals of Nursing (4th Edition). Chatswood: NSW. Elsevier Australia. DrugBank (September 2013) Midazolam (DB00683) Retrieved March 10, 2015, from http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00683 Hamlin, L., Richardson-Tench, M., Davies, M., (2009) Perioperative Nursing (1st Edition). Chatswood: NSW. Elsevier Health. Lewis, P., Foley, D., (2011) Health Assessment in Nursing (1st Edition). Broadway: NSW. Lippincott Wilkins Scott, W., (2010) Fluid Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy (1st Edition) London: England. Lippincott Williams Wilkins Tiziani, A., (2013). Harvard’s Nursing Guide to Drugs (9th Edition). Chatswood: NSW. Elsevier Australia. Williams, L.S., Hopper, P.D., (2011). Understanding Medical Surgical Nursing (4th Edition). Philadelphia: USA. F.A Davis Company.

Corruption and Failure in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Corruption in The Great Gatsby      Ã‚   The theme of human corruption, its sources and consequences, is a common concern among writers from Shakespeare through J.D Salinger. Some suggest that it attacks from outside, while others depict corruption occurring from within the individual. In the case if The Great Gatsby and it's protagonist's fate, Fitzgerald shows both factors at work. The moral climate of the Roaring Twenties, Daisy Fay Buchanan's pernicious hold on him, and Jay Gatsby's own nature all contribute to his tragic demise.      Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the loose morality of Dan Cody, Gatsby's unfortunate role model, and superficial people who flock to Gatsby's parties contribute to Gatsby's downfall. Their examples encourages Gatsby's interpretation of The American Dream- his naive belief is that money and social standing are all that matter in his quest for Daisy. The self-absorbed debetants and their drunken escorts are among those who "crash" his extravagant soirees. As Nick Carroway tells us, "People were not invited- they went there." (pg.40) Shallow, corrupt people like Jordan Baker gossip with reckless abandon about their mysterious host. Their careless, superficial attitudes and wanton behavior represent Fitzgerald's depiction of the corrupt American Dream.      Ã‚   Another force of corruption responsible for Gatsby's fate is his obsession with a woman of Daisy's nature. Determined to marry her after returning from the war, he is blind to her shallow, cowardly nature. He is unable to see the corruption which lies beyond her physical beauty, charming manner and playful banter. That she is incapable of leaving her brutal husband, Tom, of committing herself to Gatsby despite his sacrifices escapes him. As Nick observes, Gatsby's expectation is absurdly simple:"He only wanted her to tell him [Tom] that she never loved him." (pg.91) Daisy is not worthy of the pedestal on which she is placed. Since she is hallow at the core, so is his dream which is based on a brief flirtation, nothing more.      Ã‚   Finally, Gatsby's own character-especially his willful obsession-contributes to his fate. Despite his naivetà © about Daisy and her friends who "are rich and play polo together," he, too, has been seduced by the lure of money and fame. Unable to control his obsessive desire to have Daisy, he cares little about the

English Consonants

RESEARCH PAPERS | 23 How Many Consonant Sounds Are There in English? How Many Consonant Sounds Are There in English? by David Deterding, National Institute of Education, Singapore †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Most analyses agree that there are 24 consonant sounds in English. However, it is valuable to consider in some detail a few issues that affect the status of these consonants. First, we can think about why the affricates /t? / and /d / are treated as single consonants rather than sequences of two consonants. Second, one might discuss why it is that /w/ and /j/ are classified as consonants rather than vowels. Third, there is the possibility of a voiceless counterpart of /w/ that, for some speakers, differentiates which from witch. And finally, there is the question of whether the velar nasal /? / is actually an allophone of /n/. After considering these issues, most people will still conclude that there are 24 consonants in English. However, the discussion can help us gain a deeper understanding of English phonology. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. s Introduction How many consonant sounds do you think there are in English? Of course, most of us know that there are 20 consonant letters in our alphabet (or 21 if you include ‘y’), but here we are talking about sounds, not letters. And there is a mismatch between sounds and letters: sometimes two letters combine to represent one sound, so that ‘s’ + ‘h’ combine to represent the sound /? / and ‘t’ + ‘h’ combine for /? /, and sometimes one letter is pronounced as a sequence of two sounds, as ‘x’ is usually /ks/. So the number of consonant letters in our alphabet is irrelevant when considering the number of consonant sounds (phonemes) in English. The basic answer to the original question is that there are 24 consonant sounds in English: q 6 plosives : /p b t d k / q 9 fricatives : /f v ? ? s z ? / q 2 affricates : /t? d / q 3 nasals : /m n ? / q 1 lateral-approximant : /l/ q 3 approximants : /w j r/ However, things are never quite as simple as that in the study of languages, and there are a number of issues that we might consider in more depth: q Why are /t? / and /d / regarded as single phonemes and not as sequences of two phonemes? q Why are /w/ an d /j/ regarded as consonants and not vowels? q Do those people who distinguish which from witch have one extra phoneme, / /, a voiceless equivalent of /w/? q Should /? / really be regarded as a separate phoneme? Or can it be analysed as an allophone of /n/? s The status of /t? / and /d / The two affricates are each written as a sequence of two symbols, so why do we regard them as single consonants? Why do we not, for example, analyse cheese /t? i z/ as having two consonants at the start, /t/ followed by /? /? The answer is that /t? / behaves phonologically as a single sound, even if phonetically it is rather similar to a plosive followed by a fricative. In analysing its behaviour, we need to think about the patterns of distribution of /t/ and /? (Laver, 1994:365), so we should consider what sequences of sounds can occur together, particularly at the start of a syllable. English allows quite complex syllable onsets, such as /str/ in string and /spl/ in splash, but it does not generally permit a plosive followed by a fricative, so */pf k/, */ts? / and */k p/ are not possible words of English. (In the few cases where the spelling does suggest a plosive followed by a fricative at the start of th e word, such as psychology, the plosive is actually silent. ) But note that chip /t / and check /t? ek/ are perfectly good words of English. So if we treated /t? / as a sequence of two phonemes, we would have to make a special exception to the rule that an English word cannot begin with a plosive followed by a fricative. Note that /t? / can also occur at the end of a word, as with catch /k t? / and rich /r? t? /, and there are no other instances where /? / can occur after a plosive at the end of a word, as */k k? / and */r? p? / are not possible words in English. The situation with /d / provides even stronger evidence. The consonant / / is rather rare in English, and apart from in some recent loan words such as genre / ? nr? /, beige /be? /, and rouge /ru / (all of which still sound rather foreign), / / can only occur in the middle of a word, mostly between two vowels, as in pleasure Copyright  © 2005 Singapore Tertiary English Teachers Society1, 2005 STETS Language & Communication Review, Vol. 4, No. (STETS) w 24 | David Deterding s The status of /w/ and /j/ If you say /w/ and drag it out, it sounds rather like /u /, and similarly /j/ sounds rather like /i / (Roach, 2000:64). If they sound like vowels, why do we classify /w/ and /j/ as consonants? Sometimes it is valuable to make a distinction between a contoid and a consonant: contoids are articulated with an obstruction in the vocal tract, but consonants are sounds which can occur at the edge of a syllable (Laver, 1994:147-8). In other words, contoid is a phonetic term which describes the articulation of a sound, while consonant is a phonological term which describes its behaviour within a syllable. From the phonetic perspective of articulation, we find that plosives, fricatives, nasals, and the lateral approximant /l/ are all contoids, because they all involve a constriction in the vocal tract, but /j/ and /w/ (and maybe /r/ as well) are not contoids. But now we should consider phonological behaviour and thereby determine which sounds should be classified as consonants. Let us think about what can occur before /et/ to create a monosyllabic English word. We have words such as bet /bet/, pet /pet/, set /set/, net /net/, and debt /det/, but not */? t/ or */ et/, so we regard /b p s n d/ as consonants because they occur at the edge of a syllable, but /? / are vowels. However, note that we can also have wet /wet/ and yet /jet/. This confirms that /w/ and /j/ are consonants. In one other aspect of behaviour, we can consider the distribution of the indefinite articles a and an: a occurs before consonants, while an occurs before vowels, and this depends on the pronunciation and not the spelling, so it is an hour not *a hour because /a / begins with a vowel (the ‘h’ is silent). But note that we have a waste and a year, not *an waste and *an year, and notice that once more this is based on pronunciation and not on spelling, as it is a university (which begins with /j/) and not *an university. So again we see that /w/ and /j/ behave as consonants, not as vowels (Roach, 2000:64). s The status of /? / In standard phonemic analysis, we assume that if the occurrence of a sound can be predicted from the surrounding sounds, it is regarded as an allophone and not as a phoneme. So, for example, we treat [ ], the dark /l/ sound that occurs at the end of a word such as fill, as an allophone of /l/ because we can specify that it only occurs in the coda of a syllable (or as a syllabic consonant in words such as bottle), unlike its clear counterpart which occurs before a vowel. So what about /? /? Note that /? / can also only appear in the coda of a syllable, and furthermore we can predict that /? / rather than /n/ will always occur before another velar sound, such as in bank /b ? k/ and anger / ? ?/. So should /? / be regarded as an allophone of /n/ (and then be written as [? rather than /? /)? The crucial test for a phoneme is the existence of a minimal pair: if there are two words which only differ with respect to one sound distinction, then we know that we have two separate phonemes. For example, we know that /f/ and /v/ are different phonemes of English because of the existence of the minimal pair fan /f n/ and van /v n/ where the only difference is in the initial consonant, and similarly the difference in the final sound of back /b k/ and bag /b / establishes /k/ and / / as separate phonemes of English. On this basis, we can be confident that /n/ and /? / are different phonemes, because we have many minimal pairs such as sin /s? n/ and sing /s /, and also ran /r n/ and rang /r ? /. This would seem to be the end of the story, but of course it is not. s The possibility of / / Do you make a distinction between which and witch? For most speakers, these two words are homophones as they are both pronounced as /w? t? /, though many Americans do make a distinction (Wells, 1982:126), and most Copyright  © 2005 Singapore Tertiary English Teachers Society (STETS) w w w /ple ? / and measure /me ? /. But notice that jet /d et/ and barge /b? d / are perfectly good words in English. So if we were to regard /d / as a sequence of two separate sounds, we would have to say that / / can only occur near the start or at the end of a word if it is preceded by /d/, which would be rather strange. So the claim that /t? / and /d / are single sounds in English is well-founded, because they behave phonologica lly like single sounds in the structure of English words. However, one might note that Ladefoged (2001:27) does treat both these English affricates as sequences of two sounds, partly because his emphasis is rather more on phonetics than on the phonological structure of English. Scottish speakers also do (Wells, 1982:408). Indeed, it was once normal for all speakers of English to make this distinction, but by the end of the eighteenth century even educated southern speakers no longer maintained it (Mugglestone, 2003:132). For speakers who retain this distinction, it might be necessary to include an extra phoneme, with / / representing the voiceless counterpart of /w/, so that which is / ? ? / while witch is /w? t? / However, even here the analysis is not so simple. Historically, this sound was a consonant cluster /hw/, parallel to other clusters beginning with /h/, such as /hr/, /hn/ and /hl/ (Cruttenden, 2001:215). These others have now disappeared, so apart from the possibility of /hw/, the only remaining consonant cluster involving /h/ is /hj/ in words such as huge /hju d / and human /hju m? n/. And even the status of this is doubtful, as one might alternatively regard /ju / as a diphthong (Deterding, 2004). So, from a historical perspective, / / might be treated as /hw/. But from a synchronic perspective, we should note that the contrast between / / and /w/ is parallel to the contrast between many pairs of consonants in English, such as /t/ and /d/, /s/ and /? /, and /f/ and /v/. The fact that the voiceless/voiced contrast is wellestablished in English lends support to the treatment of / / as a phoneme in its own right. We might therefore conclude that some speakers do have this extra phoneme. w v w v How Many Consonant Sounds Are There in English? | 25 so it’s fun being with them [F9-f:40] In fact, extra velar plosives also occasionally get inserted at the end of words such as selling, studying and young in relatively informal Singapore data (Lim & Deterding, 2005), as shown in the following examples also from the NIECSSE corpus: selling um decorative stuff [iF9-c:83] that I was studying †¦ this [iF9-c:238] when we were young †¦ we used to erm [iF10-e:180] If a velar plosive gets inserted occasionally after /? /, maybe we should analyse it as present in the underlying representation of the word, and then instead of saying that it sometimes gets inserted, we should state that it sometimes fails to get deleted. And if this is the case, s Conclusion It is still basically true that there are 24 consonants in English, though it may under some circumstances be possible to regard /t? / and /d / as sequences of two sounds, some speakers may have an extra phoneme / /, and the status of /? / is questionable. Even though we can conclude that there are 24 consonants in English, consideration of some of the issues regarding the phonological analysis of English can give us a deeper understanding of he structure of the sound system of the language. STETS Language & Communication Review, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2005 w v v An alternative possibility is to say that words like sing have a silent / / at the end, and this silent / / gets deleted when it occurs at the end of a word (Roach, 2000:68). In fact, for some speakers of English, this deletion rule does not apply and sing is pronounced as [s ] (Roach, 2000:67), so clearly for speakers such as this, we should analyse [? ] as an allophone of /n/. Furthermore, in careful pronunciation, some speakers insert a velar plosive at the end of words such as being, and this can occur in Singapore English (Setter & Deterding, 2003) as is evident from the following utterance from the NIECSSE corpus (Deterding & Low, 2001): then the distribution of [? ] is entirely predictable, so it is an allophone and not a phoneme. Finally we might note that words such as long /l /, strong /str / and young /j ? / have no final / /, but there is a / / when a comparative suffix is added: longer /l ?/, stronger /str ?/, younger /j ? ?/. So this seems to lend further support to the possible existence in the base form of these words of a final / / which gets deleted in some circumstances. (But note that there is no / / with the –ing suffix or the agentive –er suffix: singing /s / and singer /s /; not */s / and */s ?/. ) In conclusion, we can say that, on the basis of minimal pairs, /? / is generally regarded as a phoneme of English, but that there are some counter-arguments which raise a few questions about its status. 26 | David Deterding REFERENCES Deterding, D. (2004). How many vowel sounds are there in English? STETS Language & Communication Review, 19(10): 19-21. Deterding, D. & Low, E. L. (2001). The NIE corpus of spoken Singapore English (NIECSSE). SAAL Quarterly, 56: 2–5. Ladefoged, P. (2001). A course in phonetics (4th edition). Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers. Laver, J. (1994). Principles of phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lim, S. H. & Deterding, D. (2005). Added final plosives in Singapore English. In D. Deterding, A. Brown and E. L. Low (Eds. ), English in Singapore: Phonetic research on a corpus, pp. 37-42. Singapore: McGraw Hill. Mugglestone, L. 2003). ‘Talking proper’: The rise of accent as a social symbol (2nd edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Roach, P. (2000). English phonetics and phonology: A practical course (3rd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Setter, J. & Deterding, D. (2003, August). Extra final consonants in the English of Hong Kong and Singapore. Paper presented at the International Conference of Ph onetic Sciences, Barcelona. Wells, J. (1982). Accents of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Copyright  © 2005 Singapore Tertiary English Teachers Society (STETS)

Lecture #1 Essays - Cold War, Global Politics, Free Essays

Lecture #1 Essays - Cold War, Global Politics, Free Essays Lecture #1 Introduction: What is the Third World? Nations Unaligned with Either NATO or the Warsaw Pact Won't work; could include Yugoslavia and even the People's Republic of China The Decolonizing World Won't work; must include Egypt, Thailand, and other nations that were never colonies The Developing World Won't work; misleading in terms of power dynamics and ethnocentric The Global South Won't work; could include Australia and New Zealandand Antarctica! The "Dominoes" "Domino theory" coined by Eisenhower in 1954, anticipated by Acheson at the inception of the Cold War Presents the world as a zero-sum game in which any gain for communism constitutes a loss for democracy and free enterprise Two Phenomena Define the Second Half of the Twentieth Century: the Cold War and the Ascent of the Third World The Third World profoundly shapes how the communist and capitalist hegemons compete This competition alters the domestic environment in Third World nations Parallel struggles: the civil rights movement in the United States and Third-World struggles for autonomy Unfolding of the Cold War Conflict begins in Europe but sees its first fireworks in Asia The Middle East becomes an important theater, for strategic and economic reasons The East-West clash comes to Latin America and Africa later, but still exerts tremendous pressure on how states in those regions develop Lecture #2 "Like Apples in a Barrel . . .": Origins of the Cold War I) The Irresolvable Question of Poland The United States wants a democratic Poland, with representatives of the Polish government in exile ["London Poles"] included views Poland as an outpost of European civilization against communists The Soviet Union wants a pro-Soviet Poland, run by the puppet "Lublin Poles" views Poland as the route through which Germany has attacked Stalin breaks his promises at Yalta, clamps down on Poland and the rest of Eastern Europe Early Cold War Crises Truman takes a hard line on Poland, but ultimately has to back down Conflicting agendas at Potsdam Soviets retreat from Iran and Turkey "Support Free Peoples": Truman Sounds the Alarm Britain can no longer provide aid to the anti-communist governments in Greece and Turkey; America is Britain's obvious successor Truman portrays the struggle as one of good versus evil Congress coughs up the money; makes an historic commitment the U.S. intervenes, during a time of general peace, in the affairs of people outside North and South America "Two Halves of the Same Walnut": Truman's Guns and Marshall's Butter Economy of Western Europe seems on the verge of collapse Marshall invites the Europeans to draw up their own plan U.S. Congress opposes the Marshall Plan; Republicans don't want to give Truman a foreign policy triumph in an election year or encourage socialist schemes in Europe "A Shock through the Civilized World": The Coup in Czechoslovakia Prompts the Senate to endorse the Marshall Plan Truman drastically expands the power and discretion of the CIA Foreign Policy Setbacks of 1949 The Soviets explode an atomic bomb China falls to the communists America's Twin Responses to the Soviet A-Bomb and the "Loss" of China Truman approves development of the H-Bomb National Security Document 68 (NSC-68) Advocates a quadrupling of U.S. military spending Assumes the worst of Soviet foreign policy Demands a global U.S. response to the Soviet threat So drastic in its implications that implementation appears unlikelyuntil the Korean War breaks out Lecture #3 "The Greece of the Far East": Korea Roots of the Conflict The United States and the Soviet Union eject the Japanese from Korea in 1945, divide the peninsula at the 38th Parallel The Cold War hardens, obliterating the possibility for Korean unification Kim Il-sung heads the communist People's Democratic Republic of Korea in the North Syngman Rhee heads the anti-communist Republic of Korea (ROK) in the South Civil war rages in Korea from 1945 to 1950long before America's "Korean War" starts Why do the North Koreans invade the South on June 25, 1950? The communists are encouraged by Truman's "Europe-first" strategy and neglect of South Korea Acheson's "defense perimeter" speech also gives Kim reason to assume that the U.S. will not assist the South Stalin gives his assent to the invasion North Korea nearly overruns the South within days; the "Free World" faces a major setback Truman's "Police Action": The Inception of the Imperial Presidency Truman does not consult with members of Congress before ordering air and naval forces to South Koreaor before committing American troops to the land mass of Asia Few in Congress object, but a fatal precedent has been set Although termed a U.N. "police action," the conflict

Fractional Distillation Organic Lab Report Essays

Fractional Distillation Organic Lab Report Essays Fractional Distillation Organic Lab Report Paper Fractional Distillation Organic Lab Report Paper If such ideal conditions are not possible as is usually the casethen simple distillation can be applied as long as he liquid in question is composed of compounds that differ in volatility such that their boiling points differ by at least 40 to 50 degrees Celsius. Because the very essence of simple distillation is relies upon the idea that more volatile compounds have lower boiling points and thus when heated to this boiling point will occupy most if not all of the vapor above the liquid pot residue. Because the difference in boiling point for the compounds in a mixed liquid must at least differ by 40 to 50 degrees Celsius in order for purification through Simple Distillation, this procedure should not result in a high amount of impurities in he distillate or pot residue since the difference between both boiling points is great enough that most of the lower boiling point liquid should vaporize without vaporization of the higher boiling point liquid. The experimental set up for the simple distillation procedure is the standard procedure which invokes the use of a a heat source, a magnetic stirrer, a receiving flask for the distillate to be collected in, a condenser with an accompanying inflow of cold water, a stilled, a thermometer, a rubber adapter, an adapter, and check clips. The check clips are seed to stabilize the glass joints while the condenser cools the vaporized gas to liquid. : Because the stilled is where the vapor collects, and the thermometer attached to the top of the stilled must record the temperature of the vapor and thus boiling point of the distillatethe bottom of the mercury bulb of the thermometer must be directly adjacent to the bottom of the opening of the arm of the stilled. When distilling a stir bar must also be used in order to disturb the heat evenly throughout the solution. The apparatus must be loosely covered in cotton and aluminum foil, such that the apparatus is transformed into an isolated system from the environment that does not receive nor release the added heat into the surroundings. This ensures that all of the added heat and temperature change results from boiling point properties of the compounds in the solution. Fractional distillation, like simple distillation is also a separation technique that takes advantage of the differing boiling points of two compounds in a liquid. This technique however, differs from simple distillation in the sense that it can be applied to differences in boiling points of two compounds more sensitive than 40 to 50 degrees Celsius, i. E. 0 to 30 degree Celsius of a difference. This implies that while the lower boiling point liquid occupies most if not all of the vapor at its respective boiling point, in fractional distillation this vapor is composed of the vaporized lower boiling point compound as well as a significant amount of the higher boiling point liquid. In fact, if simple distillation were to be used to separate a binary mixture when fractional distillation was in fact the appropriate technique to be applied, such a distillation would yield an impure distillate. This character would be self-evident in the temperature against volume rape of such an inappropriately applied simple distillation as the temperature would steadily increase and eventually level off only once, indicating that the distillate collected was no more special than the condensed liquid that could be collected from simply heating a compound and then cooling it although the distillate obtained would be more concentrated in lower boiling point liquid. One method in which this characteristic of simple distillation could be applied to purify a binary mixture with compounds that do have sensitively differing boiling points is that the simple distillations could be applied in series. To carry this out, he initial mixture would be broken up into smaller fractions and each fraction would be distilled according to simple distillation procedures until a pure drop of lower boiling point liquid could be collectedsince this pure concentrated compound boils before the other less volatile compound. This obviously is not practical as it yields a very small volume of distillate; however the theory which supports such a procedure is the same theory which the procedure of fractional distillation is built upon. The only difference between the apparatus set-up used for simple distillation and that which is used for fractional distillation is hat fractional distillation makes use of a fractional distillation column which is in between the stilled and the flask containing the pot residue. Some examples of fractional distillation columns are Figurer columns and Hempen columns. Figurer columns are marked by indentations while the Hempen column is often packed with material such as glass beads or stainless steel sponge as well as glass tubing sections. The purpose of such a column is a bit muddled at first however when placed in the context of the theory of the series of simple distillations it can be understood that this column simply concatenates the rise of simple distillations into one process. The reasoning is a hybrid of both Dalton and Royalty Law in that each compound will exhibit a characteristic partial pressure in the vapor at each level of the column with accompanying mole fractions. Therefore at each level of the column there are differing mole fractions of each compound in the vapor with an increasing amount of mole fraction of the more volatile compound at higher levels of the column. Such a gradient is obtained by maintaining the bottom of the distilling column hotter than the top. As mentioned previously, this has the effect of producing a series f simple distillations within the column due to the fact that the vapor that condenses near the top of the column is repaired when it is near the bottom, hotter portion of the column. Such liquid is repaired and recombined with vapor that is concurrently rising from the still pot, this combined vapor becomes increasingly concentrated in lower boiling point liquid while the temperature of the stillest rises, approaching the boiling point of the pure lower boiling point liquid. Because the column provides in essence, a length of simple distillations, the length can also affect the degree to which the binary mixture is purified. The fractional distillation column is designed as such that each level corresponds to an ideal simple distillation in the series of simple distillations which the fractional distillation experiment is modeled after. Because conditions are never as ideal as desired, a column can be characterized by the degree to which its distilling behavior effectively models the ideal series of simple distillations meant to be performed within it. Therefore the efficiency of columns is often described in terms of theoretical platesin this case the term plates simply refer to the level f the column and its respective theoretical simple distillation. Similarly, HEAT or height equivalent to a theoretical platemerely describes the length of the column in terms of theoretical plates contained where length per theoretical plate is the unit describing such a length. The efficiency of fractional distillation columns can therefore be altered by using column packing material whose surface area of contact with the vapors are directly proportional to the amount of series of simple distillations which can be executed. Other factors affecting the efficiency are the length of the columnwhich relates to the HEAT as rebelliously statedthe maintenance of the temperature gradient that is used to reappoint the returning condensate, and the difference between boiling points of the liquids. Applying the aforementioned concepts of Simple and Fractional Distillation to Figure 1 in the Appendix, it can clearly be discerned that there are two distinct plateaus at two different temperatures which correspond to the boiling points of each of the compounds in the binary mixture. The first plateau is that of the lower boiling point, more volatile compound and occurs near 52 degrees Celsius with the second plateau of the higher boiling point, less volatile impound occurring near 89 degrees Celsius; in between these two plateaus is a steady increase in temperature of the temperature. Because Figure 1 from the Appendix varies temperature with respect to volume, Figure 1 indicates that while the temperature was remaining the constant during the plateaus an increasing volume of distillate was actually being collected in the receiving flask (falcon tubes). Through similar reasoning, it can also be concluded that the rapid increase of temperature in between the plateaus corresponds to only a slight increase of distillate collected in between the plateaus. The distillate collected during the first plateau, during the rapid increase in temperature in between both plateaus, and the last plateau are Fraction A, B and C, respectively. After reviewing Figure 1, it was hypothesized that the first plateau corresponded to a compound with a boiling point from 52 to 54 degrees Celsius and the second plateau corresponded to a compound with a boiling point from 84 to 89 degrees Celsius. When referring to the boiling points of the possible compounds it was determined that the first and second plateaus likely corresponding to acetone boiling point of 56. Egress Celsius and Heptanesboiling point of 98. 4 degrees Celsius. While the actual boiling point of Heptanes is 8 degrees Celsius higher than the experimentally hypothesized boiling point, it was the closest boiling point that matched that of the second plateau in Figure 1. The discrepancy between the actual and experimental boiling point was most likely due to the fact that the heating applied was not enough or human errorof which will be described shortly. For Fraction A, approximately 14 ml was obtained, for Fraction B approximately 6 ml was obtained, and for Fraction C approximately 7 ml was obtained. These results immediately raise concern as Fraction B should ideally be a very small amount of mixed compound since the amount of liquid obtained is inversely proportional to the degree of efficiency obtained through the particular fractional distillation. This error resulted mostly because of the amount of liquid the receiving falcon tubes could hold. Fraction B as described by the graph was actually never separated. When separating the first fraction of liquid, the falcon tube filled too quickly, thus requiring another falcon tube to continue collecting Fraction A. Out of confusion and lack of preparation at a critical point in the experiment, Fraction B as described in Figure 1 was actually collected in the Falcon tube. This impurity therefore is most likely the source of the discrepancy between the actual boiling point of heptanes and the experimental temperature of the second plateau in Figure 1. Therefore although the subsequent chromatography results are referred to as Fractions A, B and C, such reference is unfortunately of no relation to the theoretical identities of Fraction A, B, and C as defined in ideal fractional distillation experiments. The chromatography exults, Figures 3-5 depict the ratios of compound obtained in the Fractions A, B, and C respectively while Figures 6-8 correspond to a 1:1 mixture of Fraction A with Acetone, a 1:1 mixture of Fraction C with Heptanes, and the unknown mixture before distillation, respectively. In each of the chromatography results of the fractions the Area Report is used to determine the ratio of the compound in each of the fractions, this area report is merely describes the area under each of the peaks as a percentage of the total area under all of the peaks, where each peak is characteristic of a compound in the binary mixture. As GO relates retention time to the volatility of the compound, compounds that elute at greater retention times correspond to the compound that is less volatile or of higher boiling point and vice versa. Therefore Figure 3 that depicts Fraction A, or the distillate of lower boiling point it shows that the ratio of lower boiling point compound to higher boiling point is 1. 829 : 1 or about 2 : 1. Similarly Fraction B in Figure 4 shows a ratio of lower boiling point compound to higher boiling compound of about 1. 4:1, and Fraction C in Figure 5 shows such a ratio to be about 1. 33 : 1. The experiment therefore did have some success as well as failure. When referring to the pre- fractional distillation GO results (Figure 8), a ratio of about 6. 5 : 10 is obtained for lower boiling point liquid to higher boiling point liquid. Therefore the GO results in Figures 3-4 show a significant increase in the concentration of lower boiling point liquid indicating that the lower boiling point compound was separated to a greater degree. Despite this however, Figure 5 shows that there is still a significant amount of lower boiling point liquid in the distillate of higher boiling point liquid. Therefore even though these figures do show an increase in lower boiling point distillate as the experiment progressed, the ideal results would yield Fraction A to be most if not all lower boiling point liquid, Fraction B to have a greater amount of higher boiling point liquid than lower boiling point liquid, and Fraction C to be most if not all higher boiling point liquid. In order to determine whether the unknowns were those as hypothesized previously in the analysis of Figure 1, two assays were prepared: one assay of a 1:1 mixture of Fraction A solution and Acetone and one assay of a 1:1 mixture of Fraction C mixture and Heptanes. While Figure 6 does show some absorbency at the characteristic higher boiling point peak, this was dismissed as due to error resulting from impurities since the ratio of lower boiling point liquid to higher boiling point liquid increased to 4. 1 : 1. Similarly, Figure 7 shows a very slight absorbency at the characteristic lower boiling point peak. This peak was also dismissed as error resulting from impurities since the ratio of lower boiling point liquid to higher boiling point liquid decreased to about 1 : 43. Therefore the identities of the lower boiling point and higher boiling point compounds in the unknown 30 ml unary mixture Acetone and Heptanes respectively and thus correct as previously hypothesized. Conclusion: This experiment was a success in the sense that solutions of greater concentration of lower boiling point Acetone and higher boiling point Heptanes were separated and their identities as determined by the fractional distillation temperature against volume graph were correctly determined and confirmed with GO chromatography.

The Effect of RMB Revaluation in the Economy of China Dissertation

The Effect of RMB Revaluation in the Economy of China - Dissertation Example The Effect of RMB Revaluation in the Economy of China Table of Contents List of Tables 4 List of Figures 4 Chapter 1: Introduction 5 1.1Background of the research problem 5 1.2Statement of the research problem 5 1.3Research objectives 5 1.4Research questions 6 1.5Significance of the research problem 6 1.6Definition of terms 7 Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature 9 2.1 Chapter Overview 9 2.2 Currency revaluation and its effects 10 2.3 The fixed vs. ... The director also drew a plan of action if China did not withdraw the control of currency and permit the renminbi (RMB) to gain strength. The central bank of China known as the People’s Bank of China allowed for some relaxation. The bank announced that will abandon the two year old peg. The peg has kept the RMB with the dollar (Yu, 2010, p. 2). It allowed RMB to respond according to the forces of the market. China will now begin to move into the regime of floating exchange rate. The regime will be a tight one which was in practice in the period between 2005 and 2008. The value of RMB will be the base on a basket of currencies within a narrow range (Wharton University of Pennsylvania, 2010). China believed that the stable RMB policy is good for the country from the time of the financial crisis of Asia. The country turned away from the exporters who were reported for violating the standards of pollution. The strengthening of the RMB against the U.S. dollar has continued unabated since 2005. It will follow the stable rising path since the country is under intense inflationary pressure (Wang and Whalley, 2007, p. 3). 1.2 Statement of the research problem The problem this dissertation seeks to resolve is: What effects shall the revaluation of the renminbi have in China’s economy, as well as in the world economy? The principal goal of the dissertation is to identify the impacts of the revaluation of the RMB on the economy of China. 1.3 Research objectives In adopting the research problem specified above, the research undertakes to achieve the following objectives: (1) To examine the necessity of a currency revaluation in

Mangement of Budjet of San Antonio TX Case Study

Mangement of Budjet of San Antonio TX - Case Study Example Later on, many more industries have joined the city, strengthening its economic base. San Antonio has emerged as one of the most recession resistant cities in the US. The city is working towards strengthening its economy even more (Emily, 86). The main strategies being applied to achieve this are incentives to businesses and entrepreneurs to attract more investment into the city, expand the retail business, create new job opportunities and stimulate high economic development. This, the city does by incorporating these objectives in its budget. The economic management department is the body charged with the responsibility of overseeing the implementation of such objectives (Jones, 380). The Economic Management Department has made it easy for existing and even potential businesses to access fully fledged business services. This act as an incentive, to ensure that the entrepreneurs and the business feel appreciated and welcome in the city and their role in the economy of the city is being recognized. The department provides the businesses with professionals who assist them with issues to do with licensing, permits and other regulatory issues (Jones, 159). To the prospective entrepreneurs, the professional staffs provide initial business consultancy and counseling services. These services provided to the entrepreneurs include counseling services on the potential and available sources of capital, how to prepare and develop a business plan, forms of business organizations, information on government procurement as well as marketing strategies most applicable to the businesses they aspire to establish (Emily, 65). The incentives provided to business in this city are aimed at encouraging more business to establish here, motivate new companies to create employment opportunities and by extension, spur the economic prosperity of the city to greater heights. The